Kudin Dijital na Babban Banki: Bukatu, Kalubale da Binciken Aiwatarwa

1. Gabatarwa

Annobar COVID-19 ta ƙara saurin canzawa zuwa biyan kuɗi na dijital, tare da haɓakar biyan kuɗi maras taɓawa ya kai kusan kashi 70% a Serbia a cikin shekarar farko ta annobar. Amfani da tsabar kuɗi a Turai ya ragu da kashi ɗaya cikin uku tsakanin 2014 zuwa 2021, tare da Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 3% ne kawai na jimlar biyan kuɗi a cikin tsabar kuɗi. Wannan saurin canjin dijital ya tilasta wa manyan bankunan duniya bincika Kudin Dijital na Babban Banki (CBDCs) don kiyaye ikon mallakar kuɗi da kafuwar kuɗi.

2. Abubuwan Motsa Rai na Haɓaka CBDC

2.1 Kiyaye Ikonomi na Kuɗi

Ayyukan ɓangare masu zaman kansu kamar Bitcoin (wanda aka ƙirƙira 2008-2009) da sauran kudade na sirri suna barazana ga keɓancewar manyan bankunan kan ƙirƙirar kuɗi. Bayyanar da kudade masu kafuwa da kudaden dijital na sirri na iya sake gina tsarin kuɗi gaba ɗaya, suna ƙalubalantar tsarin kuɗi da ke akwai wanda ke bambanta tsakanin kuɗin da babban banki ya bayar (kuɗin waje) da kuɗin da aka ƙirƙira ta sirri.

2.2 Martani ga Tsangwama na Fasaha

Dole ne manyan bankunan su daidaita da canje-canjen fasaha da suka shafi ayyukan tattalin arziki da halayen jama'a. Ƙaruwar sha'awar jama'a game da kadarorin dijital, haɗe da raguwar amfani da tsabar kuɗi, yana haifar da matsin lamba da dama ga manyan bankunan su ƙirƙira yayin da suke ci gaba da sarrafa hanyoyin watsa manufofin kuɗi.

3. Kalubalen Zane da Wahaloli

3.1 Tsarin Gine-gine

Zanen CBDC ya ƙunshi zaɓuɓɓuka masu mahimmanci tsakanin samfuran dillali (samun damar jama'a gabaɗaya) da na jumla (tsakanin bankuna), da kuma yanke shawara game da aiwatar da fasahar distributed ledger (DLT) da tsarin tarayya. Musanya tsakanin sirri da bin ka'idoji yana gabatar da manyan ƙalubale na zane.

3.2 Hadurran Kafuwar Kuɗi

Gabatar da CBDCs na iya buɗe hadurra ga cibiyoyin kuɗi da suke akwai, musamman bankunan kasuwanci waɗanda za su iya fuskantar rabuwa da ajiyar kuɗi. A lokacin damuwa na kuɗi, sauƙin canza ajiyar banki zuwa CBDCs marasa haɗari zai iya ƙara saurin gudun banki, yana buƙatar yin la'akari da ƙayyadaddun iyakokin riƙewa da hanyoyin canzawa.

4. Tsarin Aiwatarwa

4.1 Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha

Tsarin CBDC yana buƙatar ingantaccen kayayyakin more rayuwa na fasaha waɗanda ke iya ɗaukar manyan adadin ma'amaloli yayin tabbatar da tsaro da juriya. Watsa manufofin kuɗi ta hanyar CBDCs za a iya ƙirƙira su ta amfani da gyare-gyaren tsarin mulkin Taylor:

$i_t = r_t^* + \pi_t + \alpha_\pi(\pi_t - \pi_t^*) + \alpha_y(y_t - y_t^*)$

Inda $i_t$ ke wakiltar ƙimar manufofi, $r_t^*$ madaidaicin ƙimar riba, $\pi_t$ hauhawar farashi, da gibin fitarwa $(y_t - y_t^*)$.

4.2 Tsarukan Aiki

Tsarin aiki na mataki biyu, inda manyan bankunan ke fitar da CBDCs amma bankunan kasuwanci ke kula da ayyukan fuskantar abokin ciniki, ya fi dacewa. Wannan hanya tana kiyaye rawar masu shiga tsakani na kuɗi da suke akwai yayin amfani da hanyoyin rarrabawa da alaƙar abokan ciniki.

function validateCB DCTransaction(transaction) {
  // Tabbaci sa hannun dijital
  if (!verifySignature(transaction.signature, transaction.publicKey)) {
    return {valid: false, error: "Sa hannu mara inganci"};
  }
  
  // Duba isasshen ma'auni
  let senderBalance = getBalance(transaction.sender);
  if (senderBalance < transaction.amount) {
    return {valid: false, error: "Ma'auni bai isa ba"};
  }
  
  // Tabbaci da iyakokin riƙewa
  if (exceedsHoldingLimit(transaction.receiver, transaction.amount)) {
    return {valid: false, error: "An wuce iyakar riƙewa"};
  }
  
  // Dubawa na hana wanke kuɗi
  if (amlRiskDetected(transaction)) {
    return {valid: false, error: "An gano haɗarin AML"};
  }
  
  return {valid: true, transactionId: generateId()};
}

5. Bincike Mai Mahimmanci da Hangen Nesa na Gaba

6. Nassoshi

1. Bankin Ƙasashen Duniya. (2023). Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shekara-shekara 2023: Ci gaban CBDC. Littattafan BIS.
2. Babban Bankin Turai. (2022). Yuro na Dijital: Zane da La'akari da Manufofi. Jerin Ayyukan Aiki na ECB.
3. Lukic, V., Popovic, S., & Jankovic, I. (2023). Bukatu da Kalubalen Gabatar da Kudin Dijital na Babban Banki. Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo.
4. Babban Bankin Jama'ar China. (2023). Gwajin Yuan na Dijital: Rahoton Ci gaba. Takaddun Hukuma na PBoC.
5. Hukumar Fed ɗin Amurka. (2022). Kuɗi da Biyan Kuɗi: Dalar Amurka a cikin Zamanin Canjin Dijital. Takaddun Tattaunawa na FRB.